In chemical called liqor to those organic chemical compounds containing a hydroxyl group (-OH) in replacing a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a carbon atom. Besides this carbon must be saturated, ie must have only single bonds to two separate atoms, one that differentiates liqor-phenols. If containing several hydroxyl groups are called polyols (alcohol assessment).
The liqors may be primary, secondary or tertiary, depending on the number of hydrogen atoms substituted on the carbon atom to which they are bound to hydroxyl group. The liqor comes from the Arabic wordof al (determinant) and kuhul meaning 'subtle'. This is because formerly called "spirit" to liqors. For example, "spirits" to ethanol, and "wood spirit" to methanol.
On the other hand, oxygen has two unshared pairs of electrons so that the hydroxyl could be protonated, although in practice this leads to a very weak base, so that for this process to occur, it is necessary to deal with an acid to liqor very strong. For chlorinated or brominated liqors, should take into account the following considerations. Primary liqor: primary liqors react very slowly. As can not form carbocations, activated primary liqor remains in solution until it is attacked by chloride ion. With a primary liqor, the reaction can take thirty minutes to several days. Secondary liqor: secondary liqors take less time, between 5 and 20 minutes, because side carbocations are less stable than tertiary.
Other compositions: may contain isopropyl liqor, is unfit to drink, but may be more effective for use as a drying. In organic chemistry, an liqor is an organic compound having one of carbons (the latter being tetrahedral) is bonded to a hydroxyl group (-OH). Ethanol (or ethyl liqor) in composition of liqoric beverages is a special case of liqor, but all liqors are not suitable for consumption. In particular, methanol is toxic and lethal in high doses. When liqor is the main function, simply replace the terminal vowel "e" of corresponding alkane by the suffix -ol and indicate the number of carbon atom to which the hydroxyl is attached, although at times when it is not necessary to description, this information is omitted.
Alternatively the conversion can be directly carried out using thionyl chloride (SOCl2) chloride. An liqor can also be converted to bromoalkane using hydrobromic acid or phosphorus tribromide (PBr3) or iodoalkane using red phosphorus and iodine to generate "in situ" the phosphorus triiodide. Methanol: There are several methods for oxidizing methanol to formaldehyde and / or formic acid, as Adkins-Peterson reaction.
Primary liqor: pyridine (Py) is used to stop the reaction to aldehyde CR03 / H plus is called Jones reagent, and a carboxylic acid is obtained. Secondary liqor: secondary liqors take less time, 5 to 10 minutes because the secondary carbocations are less stable than tertiary.
There is also a group sometimes regarded as a special case of liqors called enols. This is a molecule in which hydroxyl is attached to a carbon of a double bond C equals C (again carbon bearing the -OH group is not tetrahedral). This is actually a tautomeric form of an aldehyde or ketone. The major form is usually the aldehyde or ketone, and not the enol, except in special cases where the enol form is stabilized by mesomerism as phenols.
Dehydration of liqors is a chemical process consisting of transformation of an liqor to be an alkene by removal processes. To perform this procedure a mineral acid is used to extract the hydroxyl group (OH) from the liqor, generating a positive charge on the carbon which was extracted hydroxyl which has an electrical interaction with nearby electrons (by default, electrons a hydrogen in case of not having another substituent) to form a double bond in place.
The liqors may be primary, secondary or tertiary, depending on the number of hydrogen atoms substituted on the carbon atom to which they are bound to hydroxyl group. The liqor comes from the Arabic wordof al (determinant) and kuhul meaning 'subtle'. This is because formerly called "spirit" to liqors. For example, "spirits" to ethanol, and "wood spirit" to methanol.
On the other hand, oxygen has two unshared pairs of electrons so that the hydroxyl could be protonated, although in practice this leads to a very weak base, so that for this process to occur, it is necessary to deal with an acid to liqor very strong. For chlorinated or brominated liqors, should take into account the following considerations. Primary liqor: primary liqors react very slowly. As can not form carbocations, activated primary liqor remains in solution until it is attacked by chloride ion. With a primary liqor, the reaction can take thirty minutes to several days. Secondary liqor: secondary liqors take less time, between 5 and 20 minutes, because side carbocations are less stable than tertiary.
Other compositions: may contain isopropyl liqor, is unfit to drink, but may be more effective for use as a drying. In organic chemistry, an liqor is an organic compound having one of carbons (the latter being tetrahedral) is bonded to a hydroxyl group (-OH). Ethanol (or ethyl liqor) in composition of liqoric beverages is a special case of liqor, but all liqors are not suitable for consumption. In particular, methanol is toxic and lethal in high doses. When liqor is the main function, simply replace the terminal vowel "e" of corresponding alkane by the suffix -ol and indicate the number of carbon atom to which the hydroxyl is attached, although at times when it is not necessary to description, this information is omitted.
Alternatively the conversion can be directly carried out using thionyl chloride (SOCl2) chloride. An liqor can also be converted to bromoalkane using hydrobromic acid or phosphorus tribromide (PBr3) or iodoalkane using red phosphorus and iodine to generate "in situ" the phosphorus triiodide. Methanol: There are several methods for oxidizing methanol to formaldehyde and / or formic acid, as Adkins-Peterson reaction.
Primary liqor: pyridine (Py) is used to stop the reaction to aldehyde CR03 / H plus is called Jones reagent, and a carboxylic acid is obtained. Secondary liqor: secondary liqors take less time, 5 to 10 minutes because the secondary carbocations are less stable than tertiary.
There is also a group sometimes regarded as a special case of liqors called enols. This is a molecule in which hydroxyl is attached to a carbon of a double bond C equals C (again carbon bearing the -OH group is not tetrahedral). This is actually a tautomeric form of an aldehyde or ketone. The major form is usually the aldehyde or ketone, and not the enol, except in special cases where the enol form is stabilized by mesomerism as phenols.
Dehydration of liqors is a chemical process consisting of transformation of an liqor to be an alkene by removal processes. To perform this procedure a mineral acid is used to extract the hydroxyl group (OH) from the liqor, generating a positive charge on the carbon which was extracted hydroxyl which has an electrical interaction with nearby electrons (by default, electrons a hydrogen in case of not having another substituent) to form a double bond in place.
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